Towards a GIS-Based Environmental Information System for Kuwait
by Dr.Abdul Nabi Al-Ghadban, Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research, Kuwait.
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Introduction
Background: Many Countries have agreed that an environmentally sound, sustainable socio-economic development is their challenge for the 1 990s and beyond. The majority of the countries within the Arabian Gulf region are currently embarking on the formulation and implementation of national, regional and international projects which have a common objective, i.e., to preserve and protect the environment as a prerequisite for sustainable development.
Recent experiences with environmental issues have highlighted the need to improve the information base upon which decisions are made. Rapid access and integration of available information resources is essential to support the decision- making process for environmental and natural resources management issues. Thus, providing decision makers with environmental information in a comprehensive, balanced, accurate and timely manner is essential for the formulation of environmental policies, strategies and programs.
Environmental Information System: The establishment of a comprehensive Bnvironmental Information System (EIS) should follow a systematic approach that consists of several consequent activities to ensure the acquisition, management, dissemination and use of information. Fig. 1. is a schematic diagram illustrating the hierarchy of EIS. Such hierarchy consists of four levels. The first level which deals with data acquisition of the monitored environmental parameters, which are conducted by several specialized agencies within the country. The BIS central facility should be established and linked to all relevant data producing agencies to ensure the in-flow of accurate and reliable data. The computerization of the environment monitoring systems at some agencies will considerably reduce the data entry requirements for the central EIS. The second level is concerns with the management of the environmental information and is primarily achieved through the use of the GIS and bibliographic systems. These systems should be centrally managed and maintained, however they should be made accessible by all beneficiaries. The third level deals with the operational reporting system which is the mechanism for the interaction and manipulation of the developed databases. The fourth level describes the spatial decision support system (SDSS). The environmental information can be linked to socio-economic parameters through the use of analytical and modeling techniques. Such integration will be capable of producing reports provide options and recommendations for legislative organizational and operational decisions related to maintaining sustainable development. A Crisis Management System (CSM) can be incorporated for the management of urgent environmental problems such as oil spills and accidental air pollution episodes. A comprehensive environmental information system should therefore comprises of all compartments such as; marine, terrestrial, atmosphere and socioeconomic. The GIS represents an on-going trend in information technology to integrate massive data sets, through the unique characteristics of handling and processing spatial(geographic) data. It can be defined as the technology for capturing, processing, manipulating, storing, retrieving, analyzing and displaying spatial and tabular (attribute) data from the real world to serve a specific set of applications. It also has an important role in environmental studies. Therefore, the GIS concepts methodology is used in the present research for the establishment of an integrated databases and the required GIS applications.
Kuwait's environmental databases: Several studies concerning many issues related to Kuwait's environment have been carried out by the Environmental and Earth Sciences Division (EES), the Food Resources Division (FRD) and the Water Resources Division (WRD) at KISR. As a result of these studies, several databases comprising both raw and managed data have been created and are available at KISR. Additional databases of environmentally related information are available within other agencies such as the Environmental Protection Center (WRDC) of the Ministry of Public Works, and the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. However, such databases are scattered and specifically designed to satisfy the interest of each of these organizations, and are not capable of producing information that may be required for the support of the national decision making.
One of the important goal of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) is to provide scientific and technological support to the government of Kuwait in various fields including environment, to enhance the decision-making process. Hence, the establishment of an Environmental Information System (EIS) that would enable KISR's management to act promptly on any relevant request was deemed necessary.
Therefore, the state of Kuwait represented by KISR has agreed with the Regional Information Technology and Software Engineering Center (RITSEC) in Egypt, to develop an Environmental Information System (EIS). Phase one of the project was implemented through a contract between the Government of Kuwait, represented by the undersecretary of the Ministry of Planning and RITSEC, under the nationally executed United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) .The main objectives of this project are to establish the-state of the art GIS databases for the marine environment and to facilitate the optimum utilization of available relevant information through upgrading KISR information capabilities. The project will also enhance the public awareness and decision support activities.
It was agreed that the scope of this phase of the project be limited to the marine environment and industrial effluents areas. The project's phase 1 lasted for 18 months and was organized to include six main tasks, namely: (1) definition of global requirements specifications and performance requirement; (2) conceptual design and infrastructure building; (3) detailed design of GIS databases, systems and applications; (4) implementation and installation of the designed systems and applications; (5) development of the project's documents; and (6) on-the-job training related to the developed systems, and applications. This paper sheds light on the results of using GIS in the first step of establishing a comprehensive environmental information system. The methodology used and results for the marine compartment are described here followed by discussion and conclusions (KISR 1996).
Methodology
The selected information technology methodologies used to achieve the project planned objectives are: the Information Engineering Methodology developed by James Martin, was applied for the design of the integrated data model. This methodology provides techniques for identifying and organizing system requirements at the highest possible level. It also provides tools for building systems. The Information Engineering Facility (IEF), developed by Texas Instrument applied the above described system development methodology. The IEF is a fully integrated Computer-Aided Software Engineering (I-CASE) tool. IEF has the utilities that help designers to create a set of diagrams for modeling the systems, such that it facilitates the communication between users and developers. The global requirement specifications (task1) included the execution of several activities (Fig. 2) such as the definition of the information needs to tackle the various environmental aspects, and the data categories needed by different EIS beneficiaries; structure of the environmental performed functions on the strategic, management and operation levels; data analysis and its availability from various data sources, and the workload required for the data conversion processes; definition of the required GIS integrated databases, and the required GIS applications, beside the data dictionary system for KISR's reports, and the selected environmental parameters prototype system; and definition of the resources allocated to the project. The conceptual design and infrastructure building (task2) included the execution of the following actives: detail analysis of the tabular data sets available at KISR, from the perspectives of its structure and characteristics; development of integrated date model, using one of the- state-of-the art methodology; development of the GIS databases conceptual design; development of the required GIS functions, the conceptual design of the data dictionary system, and the selected environment parameters system; and definition of the Infrastructure requirements. The detailed design of GIS databases, systems and applications task included the execution of the preparation for the detailed design processes; detailed physical design of the geographical data sets, and continuous data sets; conceptual and detailed design of selected data sets from KISR's reports; detailed design for KISR's environmental reports data dictionary systems; and the development of the environmental parameters system (Fig.4). Implementation and Installation of the detailed designed GIS databases, systems and applications (task 4) included the execution of several actives such as:(a) data conversion of all provided geographical map sheets, continuos data sets, and data sets selected from KISR's reports includes: technical data preparation, data entry (digitizing, scanning, and, tabular data entry), editing for geographical data sets, tabular data validation, and quality Control; (b) physical structure and building of the GIS databases, systems and applications includes: Geographical database, database for continuous data sets, database for the selected data sets from KISR's report, development and implementation of the first GIS application - Coastal zone sensitivity index map, and the second GIS application - Oceanographic features for the Regional Organization for the Protection of Marine Environment (ROPMB) sea area; (c) developing and implementing of user friendly GIS data entry module to the facilitate the system updating and maintenance through menu's driven system; (d) developing and implementing of data dictionary system for KISR's environmental reports; ( e) developing and implementing of a prototype system for some selected environmental parameters to encourage scientist for EIS utilization; (f) reviewing and testing of the developed databases, systems and applications; (g) installation of the developed systems and applications is performed through the following activities: Reviewing and testing of the project main deliverables by the project assignment leader and the environmental and technical experts from KISR, the enhancing of the systems and applications to accommodate any development requirements, preparing of the systems and applications installation mission at Kuwait, the installation of the systems and applications at Kuwait, and implementing any development requirements needed by KISR's project team and experts.
Results and Discussion
The EIS project achievement during this phase can be revised as follows:
A. Needs Assessment
1- The information needed for the study have been elaborated by two approaches:
a- Definition of the information for major issues, i.e., environmentally sustainable marine management, problems identifications, pollution control, and the development of marine resources utilization; b Definition of the types of information important to the expected beneficiaries. The completion of these needed information was checked by relating of the data sets defined by the above described approaches. The results attained are grouped into main categories called Data Subject Areas (DSAs).
The final DSAs attained are: Geographical data, Coastal area characteristics, Industrial effluents, Information sources, Legislation, Meteorological properties, Oceanographic characteristics, Oil industry, Oil pollution, Population, Recreational activities, Sewage and storm water discharge, Species, Sedimentation, Transportation, Quality standards, Standard analytical methods, Environmental quality, Environmental programs and projects, Economic and social affairs ( Al-Abdul Razzaq et all 982; Al-Bakri et al 1983; Al-Bakri et al 1985; Al-Ghadban et al 1989; Al-Ghadban et al 1993; Al Sarawi et al 1985; Dames and Moore 1983; EPD 1992/1993).
2- The major functions supporting the different environmental development aspects within the marine environment are classified as:
a- Major strategic functions: formulating policies and strategies, formulating planning Guidelines and direction and developing legal instruments, b- Major management functions: planning, coordinating environmental activities, implementing planned projects, assessing and evaluating environmental status, and c- Operation functions: monitoring environmental quality parameters and snapshot surveying. The defined major functions were described in details and correlated to the organizations that ought to be involved in their execution.
3- The data availability and conversion workload were assessed through:
a- Defining the data producing agencies, for both continuously collected data and snapshot data, and development of a correlation matrix illustrating the relationship between the needed information and data producing agencies, b- Documenting the data provided by KISR, this included: Map sheets: for topographic, geomorphologic (coastal area), governorates, soil, zones for surface disturbance, Kuwait international boundaries, sensitivity to oil spills, surface deposits sampling, and bathymetry; 80 Environmental Protection Department (EPD) monthly published reports; and 13 Shuaiba Industrial Area Authority - Environmental Protection Center (SAA-EPC) monthly published reports, c- Data analysis are conducted in order to evaluate data availability, and to estimate the data conversion workload including: data entry, editing, validation and supervision for both maps and tabular data. This workload was estimated to be around 41 man-month.
4- The EIS applications were identified and agreed upon by KISR. These include:
a- GIS applications, concentrating on the establishment of integrated GIS databases, in addition to the selected GIS applications, namely: sensitivity index map, and oceanographic features of the ROPME sea area; b Establishment of data dictionary system capable of providing services to researchers in the field of storage and retrieval of valuable information available in KISR's project final reports, and c- Development of a selected environmental quality parameters system.
B. Conceptual Design
The conceptual design of an efficient databases must allow sharing of data resources, limit data redundancy, produce a standard data format, increase efficiency of user applications development, provide flexibility of data retrieval and analysis, and organize data to be multiusable. The following has been achieved through the implementation of the planned activities of this task :
1 - Detail analysis and evaluation of the data provided by KISR revealed that they are grouped as follows: a- data available as on-going maintained data, which are mainly for environmental quality monitoring parameters, and b- data available as snapshot data produced for specific research.
2- The conceptual design of the integrated data model was developed on the basis of the analysis performed on the available data. The results of this activity includes: a- the definition of the Data Subject Areas (DSAs) based on the provided data, the results are: Data structure, Ecology, Energy, Environment, Geology, Hydrology, Meteorology, Oceanography, Planimetric, References, Topography, and Utility, b- the identification of data entitites for each DSA, which results in a total of 75 entities, c- the study and the definition of the logical relationships between different entities, and d- the development of an integrated data model using a state-of-the art system development methodology. The design is flexible enough for future development.
3- The conceptual design for the GIS databases compromised the following elements: a- the definition of the geographical data sets classified into spatial entities which were subsequently classified into themes and layers: b- the descriptions of attributes for each of the defined geographical layers: c development of data model for each layer, and d- development of data charts that depict the geographic layers and their associated tabular data.
4- The development of the GIS database conceptual design for the continuous data sets, including the entities: environment quality (water, air, and marine themes), and meteorological (weather theme)
5- Design of the data conceptual structure for the two selected GIS applications based on the availability of snapshot data types. These two applications are: A coastal zone sensitivity index map for oil spill, and the oceanographic characteristics of ROPME sea area.
6- System functions and applications were defined, these includes: a- definition of the GIS system functions (system maintenance, attribute data maintenance, and system manipulation functions); b- the definition of the expected outputs from the two selected GIS applications; c- the development o the conceptual design for the data dictionary system, the design includes: data structure and the expected services offered by this system, and d- definition of the development required by KISR for the computer system first version provided for the selected environmental parameters.
7- The information infrastructure requirements, mainly for human resources were discussed from the point of view of the GIS databases management and timely updating of the various data sets, the creation of an Information Services Unit (ISU), and the creation of publishing capabilities devoted to the continuous production of environmental quality periodicals and flash reports focusing on important issues. In addition the proposed required hardware and software were also suggested.
C. Detailed Design of GIS databases, systems and applications
The detailed design is generally structured around the main framework of the data sets that are required for the system, and which can efficiently managed by the agreed upon software GIS package (ARC/INFO). It has been professionally utilized by the database concepts and maximize the utilization of the ARC/INFO capabilities. The following has been achieved through the implementation of the planned activities of this task:
1 - The development of detailed physical design of the geographical data sets. These data sets was classified into 8 entities, 16 themes, and 22 layers. The detailed description of each of these geographical layers was also developed.
2- A total of more than 1000 tables for the continuously monitored parameters were selected from the reports published by EPD, SAA-EPC and Kuwait International Airport (KIA). The data sets included in these tables were revised and analyzed to finalize their conceptual design and structure. After the completion of this preparation activity, the detailed physical design was developed. This includes the definition of geographical and tabular data sets of the environment, and meteorology entities. The environment entity is classified into the three themes: water, air and marine, while the meteorological entity included the weather theme. The system designed includes 14 layers. The data model, lookup tables, data storage tables, and item definitions are defined for each of these layers.
3- A total of more than 300 data tables were selected from 6 representing KISR's project reports. A conceptual design was developed for this type of data sets, which included a classification of these data sets into 3 entities, 6 themes which are further divided into 15 layers. Data charts were developed for each layer. The detailed design was constructed to include: a- general structure for the data sets used by all defined layers, b- detailed design for each layer that includes the finalized data model, definition of the geographical coverage, structure of the general and special lookup tables, structure of data tables, and item definition.
4- The data sets for the two GIS applications, namely: Sensitivity index map and ROPME sea area, were defined. The detailed design for the first application includes the data charts for the five geographical entities: hydrology, geology, ecology, utility, and environment, which has been classified into 7 themes and further divided into 11 layers. Each layer was defined. The detailed design included the required data models, lookup tables, data tables and item definitions. The design of the second applications included only the data chart and the definition of the 9 classified layers.
5- The detailed design of the data dictionary system for KISR project reports was constructed to include the data extracting procedure, search capabilities, file structure that contains lookup tables and data tables, and a user friendly interface.
6- A prototype system or some selected parameters was constructed and its first version is in use by KISR staff. However this system version was developed as required by KISR.
D. Implementation and installation of the designed
databases, systems and applications A user friendly GIS
menus driven system was developed and it includes the
following modules: system maintenance and updating module;
geographical data sets; continuous data sets; selected data
sets from KISR reports; environment index map; and
Oceanographic features of ROPME sea area . Each of these
modules are described as follows:(a) the System maintenance
and updating module that helps the system developers to
perform the required system maintenance and updating
operations, even if they haven't any experience in the used
GIS software package "ARC/INFO". This module consists of the
following sub-modules: edit sub-module, file maintenance for
both geographic coverage and tabular data sets, selected
ARC/INFO tools to build/clean topology or units calculation,
display sub module, help sub-module for both edit-tools, and
ARC/INFO on line help; (b) establishment of the database for
the geographical data sets: includes entities,themes and
layers (Table 1). Each layer was assigned coverage name
composed of seven characters developed according to: the
first two characters are the abbreviation of the entity
name, the next two characters are the abbreviation of the
theme name, while the fourth and fifth characters are the
abbreviation of the layer name, and the last character
denotes the geographical presentation: A-for a line, P- for
a polygon, X- for a point, K- for mixed polygon and point;
(c) establishment of the database for the continuous data
sets which includes; geographical structure : classified
into entities, themes, and layers, and including the
coverage name of each layer (Table 2); tabular data: the
database included also all the tabular data provided by KISR
for the continuous monitoring parameters. The correlation
between both tabular data and the corresponding geographical
features were also developed; development of user friendly
query module and the presentation of the obtained results
from the system using the ARC/INFO powerful geographical
presentation capabilities. The obtained results can be
visualized on computer screen or printed; (d) establishment
of the database for the selected data sets from KISR's
reports which includes the following:
geographical data sets classifications (Table 3); tabular
data selected from KISR reports ,followed by the development
of the correlation between both tabular data and the
corresponding geographical features; development of user
friendly query module and the presentation of the results
obtained from the system using the ARC/INFO; (e)
establishment of the coastal zone sensitivity index map GIS
application which also include the following :the
geographical data sets which comprises 11 map sheets
covering the whole Kuwait shoreline; tabular data for the
coastal zone sensitivity indices developed by KISR projects
and the development of the correlation between both tabular
data and the corresponding geographical features; the
development of user friendly query module and the
presentation of the obtained results using the ARC/INFO
(Table 4); (f) the establishment of the oceanographic
characteristics of ROPME sea area GIS application which
includes the following :the classifications of the
geographical data sets (Table 5); development of user
friendly query module and presentation of the results
obtained from the system using the ARC/INFO.
Concluding Remarks
The Gulf's states in general and Kuwait in particular are facing many socio economic challenges that are caused by several environmentally related issues. Therefore, an efficient EIS capable of integrating environmental data with relevant socio-economic issues will support the decision and policy makers in achieving the nation goals of sustainable development. This project was planned as the first phase of a comprehensive environmental information program. This phase has only tackled the marine environment data as available by KISR. The use of GIS technology and the ARC/INFO made life easy for environmentalists to better utilize the available scattered databases in a meaningful way to support the decision making process. The following are stated for the improvement of the developed system:
1. As stated earlier a comprehensive environmental information system should include various environmental compartments and therefore the terrestrial and atmospheric compartments with relevant socio-economic issues should be included.
2. Strengthening the decision support, and researchers capabilities through providing the geographical base developed systems with prediction and analytical capabilities, and modeling for selective high priority environmental issues.
3. Enhancing the EIS system capabilities for providing high quality services, including the product of continuously published environmental status and flash reports considering socio-economic parameters.
4. The Gulf states are encouraged to start investing on similar systems taking into account possible integration of such systems. Such activity will ensure smooth data exchange among the scientists and eventually promote the decision making process in the Gulf and a good umbrella in this regard is the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine environment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express his gratitude to the Regional Information Technology and Software engineering Center (RITSEC) at Egypt for their valuable contribution in developing the EIS of Kuwait. Thanks are also extended to the Ministry of Planning and to the United Nation development programme (UNDP) for their support in establishing the current system. The author would also like to thank the Kuwait Institute for scientific Research (particularly Dr. D. Al-Ajmi ; Dr. S. Al-Muzini ; Mrs F. Al-Furah) and the top management for the continuos support given to this work. Many thanks are also due to all staff members how contributed in finalizing this work.
References
1- Al-Abdul Razzaq, S., F. Khalaf; D. Al-Bakri; W.
Shublaq; z. Al-Sheikh; W. Kittaneh; A. Al-Ghadban; and S. Al
Saleh. 1982b. Marine Sedimentology and benthic ecology of
Kuwait marine environment. Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research, Report No. KISR694, Kuwait.
2- Al-Bakri, D.; Shublaq, W.; al-Ghadban, A.; Al-Sheikh, Z.;
Kiffaneh, W. 1983. Preliminary study of the physical and
biological aspects of the Kuwait coastal zone. Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research Environmental and Earth
Sciences Division Environmental Sciences Department, Kuwait:
KISR.
3- Al-Bakri, M. Foda; M. Behbehani; F. Klialaf; W. Shublaq;
M.I. Al-Sayed; Z. Al-Sheikh; W. Kittaneh; and A. Al-Kadi.
1985. The environment assessment of the inter tidal zone of
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR
1977, Kuwait.
4- Al-Ghadban, A.N.; F. Aumonier and F. Lari 1989. A
feasibility study for the qualitative assessment of
suspended sediment concentrations in the marine environment
of northern Kuwait using available satellite data. Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR 3001,
Kuwait.
5- Al-Ghadban, A.N. 1993. Preliminary assessment of the
suspended sediments and its associated pollutants in Kuwait
Bank. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Environmental
and Earth Sciences Division Environmental Sciences
Department, Kuwait: KISR.
6- Al-Sarawi, M.A.; E.R. Gundlach and B.J. Baca. 1985. An
atlas of shoreline types and resources, Kuwait: Kuwait
University.
7- Dames and Moore. 1983. Aquatic biology investigation,
studies for Sabiya area, Kuwait Bay, and development of
electrical networks. Report No. MEW/CO/PGE-1 13-80/81,
Ministry of Electricity and Water, Kuwait.
8- EPD. 1992/1993. Annual report. Environmental Protection
Department, Ministry of Public Health, Kuwait (in
Arabic).
9. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) 1996.
Kuwait environmental information system. Project final
report. KISR. Kuwait.
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conversion handbook. GIS world inc. , fort collins, USA.
Table (1): Classification of geographical data sets
|
Entity |
Theme |
Layer |
Coverage Name |
|
1- Topography |
1-1 Elevation |
Contour Line |
TPELCLA |
|
2- Hydrology |
2-1 Shoreline Configuration |
Shoreline |
HYSCSLA |
|
3- Utility |
3-1 Transportaion |
Navigation Channel |
UTTPNCA |
|
4- Energy |
4-1 Oil |
Oil Well |
ENOLWLX |
|
5- Ecology |
5-1 Coastal Habitat |
Sabkha |
ECHBSBP |
|
6- Geology |
6-1 Litho logy |
Surface Sediment |
GOLTSSP |
|
7- Planimetric. |
7-1 Boundary |
Governorates |
PMBNGVK |
|
8- Oceanography |
8-1 Bathymetry |
Bathymetry Contour Line |
OCBMBCA |
|
9- Environment |
9-1 Risk |
Man Made Risk |
EVRKMMP |
Table (2): Classification of geographical features for
continous data sets:
|
Entity |
Theme |
Layer |
Coverage Name |
|
9- Environment - Continued |
9-3 Water |
Drinking Water |
EVWTDWX |
|
|
9-4 Air |
Air Pollutant |
EVARPTX |
|
|
9-5 Marine |
Bottom Sediment |
EVMRBSX |
|
10-Meteorological |
10-1 Weather |
Weather Chsracteristics |
MTWRCHX |
Table (3): Classification of geographical
data sets for selected data sets from KISR's report Entity
Theme
Layer
1-Oceanography
1-1 Hydraulic Characteristics Current 2- Environment
2-1 Water
Sea Water Quality
2-2 Marine Sediment
Suspended Sediment Concentration
2-3 Biota Pollutant
Biota Trace Metals 3-Meteorology
3-1 Weather
Weather Characteristics
1-2 Biology
Wave
Tide
Zooplankton
Fish
Industrial Effluents
Oil Spills
Suspended Sediment Trace Metals
Bottom Sediment Structure
Bottom Sediment Pollutants
Biota Pollutant
Table (4): Classification of geographical
data sets for coastal zone sensitivity index map Entity
Theme
Layer
Coverage Name
1- Hydrology
1 - 1 Shoreline Configuration
Shoreline
SHYSCSLA
2- Geology
2-1 Geomorphology
Shoreline SGOGMSGA
3-Utility
3 - 1 Transportation
Road
SUTTPRDA
3 - 2 Water
Desalination
SUTWTDEX
4-Energy
4-1 Power
Power Station
SENPWSNX
5- Ecology
5-1 Biology
Bird SECBIBDX 6- Environment
6-1 Socioeconomic
Marina SEVSEMRX
6-2 Sensitivity
Coastal Sensitivity
SEVSECSP
Geomorphology
Fish
SECBIFHX
Public. Recreational
Survey Stations
SEVSERCX
SEVSESVX
Table (5): Classification of geographical
data sets for oceanographic characteristics of ROPME sea
area Entity
Theme
Layer
1 - Energy
1-1 Oil
Oil Field
2 - Oceanography
2-1 Physio-chemical
Surface Salinity
2-2 Physical
Surface Temperature
2-3 Bathymetry
Bathymetry Contour
2-4 Chemical
Organic Carbon
Salinity Distribution
Salinity Circulation
Surface Sediment
Calcium Carbonate
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